Resource Wars in Africa: Russia Takes the Throne

Resource Wars in Africa: Enter Russia, the New Badass King

July 7, 2024

The best armour is to keep out of gunshot. Francis Bacon 1561-1626, British Philosopher, Essayist, Statesman

Introduction: The New Scramble for Africa

In the complex tapestry of global geopolitics, Africa has long been a continent of immense potential and equally tremendous exploitation. For centuries, foreign powers have sought to control its vast natural resources, often at the expense of local populations. However, the 21st century has ushered in a new era of resource competition, with Russia emerging as a formidable player in what some have dubbed the “New Scramble for Africa.” This essay explores the dynamics of resource wars in Africa, focusing on Russia’s growing influence and the psychological, economic, and political factors at play.

The concept of resource wars is not new. As far back as 3000 BC, the Sumerian king Eannatum of Lagash led military campaigns to secure water resources for his city-state. Fast forward to the present day, and we see similar motivations driving international relations, albeit in a more complex global context.

Historical Context and Psychological Impact

We must first examine the historical context of resource exploitation in Africa to understand the current situation. For centuries, Western powers have treated the continent as a source of raw materials and cheap labour, often with little regard for the well-being of local populations. This exploitative relationship has left deep scars on the African psyche and economy.

Dr. Frantz Fanon, the renowned Martinican philosopher and psychiatrist, wrote extensively about colonialism’s psychological impact on colonized peoples. In his seminal work “The Wretched of the Earth” (1961), Fanon argued that colonialism creates a sense of inferiority and dependency in the colonized, which persists even after formal independence. This psychological legacy has arguably made many African nations vulnerable to new forms of economic exploitation.

Russia’s Strategic Approach

Enter Russia with a different approach. Unlike the Western powers that have historically treated Africa as a subordinate partner, Russia has positioned itself as an equal collaborator. This strategy aligns with the psychological principle of reciprocity, as described by Dr. Robert Cialdini in his book Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (1984). By treating African nations as partners rather than subordinates, Russia taps into a powerful psychological drive for mutual respect and cooperation.

China has adopted a similar approach, offering infrastructure investments and economic partnerships without the political strings often attached to Western aid. This strategy has proven effective in winning the trust and cooperation of many African governments.

Cognitive Biases and Geopolitical Shifts

The gravitational pull towards Russia and China can be partially explained by cognitive bias, precisely the “recency effect” and “availability heuristic.” Having experienced decades of Western dominance and exploitation, African leaders may be more inclined to embrace alternative partners who present themselves as equals. The recent and readily available examples of Russian and Chinese cooperation starkly contrast the historical narrative of Western exploitation.

To illustrate this point, let’s consider the Central African Republic (CAR). In 2018, Russia sent military instructors and equipment to the CAR, ostensibly to help stabilize the country and train its armed forces. The CAR government welcomed this move, which had grown frustrated with the limited support from traditional Western allies.

The Art of Influence: Russia’s Multifaceted Engagement

The Russian presence in the CAR has since expanded to include mining concessions and political advisors, demonstrating the multifaceted nature of Russia’s engagement. This example highlights how Russia leverages its military and economic capabilities to gain influence in resource-rich African countries. By offering security assistance and financial partnerships, Russia is positioning itself as a reliable ally in a continent plagued by instability and conflict.

The psychological impact of this approach cannot be overstated. As noted by the ancient Chinese strategist Sun Tzu in “The Art of War” (circa 5th century BC), “The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.” Russia’s strategy in Africa seems to embody this principle, winning hearts and minds through cooperation rather than coercion.

Strategic Resources and Technical Analysis

However, viewing Russia’s involvement in Africa as purely altruistic would be naive. Strategic and economic considerations drive the country’s interest in African resources. Like many other global powers, Russia recognizes the critical importance of securing access to vital resources in an increasingly competitive world.

This brings us to the concept of technical analysis, typically used in financial markets but applicable here in a broader sense. Just as traders analyze price patterns and trends to predict future market movements, geopolitical analysts can examine patterns of resource acquisition and political influence to forecast future power dynamics.

Rare Earth Elements and Strategic Partnerships

One such pattern is the increasing focus on rare earth elements and strategic minerals. These resources, crucial for advanced technologies and renewable energy systems, are abundant in many African countries. With its mining and resource extraction expertise, Russia is well-positioned to partner with African nations in developing these resources.

For example, in Zimbabwe, Russian companies have invested heavily in platinum mining operations. This partnership provides Russia with access to valuable resources and offers Zimbabwe an alternative to Western-dominated mining companies. The psychological impact of such partnerships is significant, as they reinforce the narrative of Russia as a partner in development rather than an exploitative force.

Mass Psychology and the Bandwagon Effect

The concept of mass psychology also plays a role in shaping perceptions of Russia’s involvement in Africa. As more African countries engage positively with Russia, there’s a potential for a “bandwagon effect,” where other nations feel compelled to follow suit to avoid missing out on potential benefits. The American sociologist Herbert Blumer described this psychological phenomenon in his work on collective behavior in the mid-20th century.

It’s important to note that Russia’s approach in Africa is not without its critics. Some argue that the country is simply replacing one form of exploitation with another, albeit with a more palatable veneer. However, many African leaders and populations perceive Russia as offering a genuine alternative to the historical Western-dominated paradigm.

Sovereignty and Self-Determination

This perception is reinforced by Russia’s willingness to engage with African countries on their terms. Unlike Western powers, which often tie aid and investment to political reforms or human rights conditions, Russia generally refrains from such stipulations. While this approach has been criticized by human rights advocates, it resonates with many African leaders, who view it as respect for their sovereignty.

The famous Nigerian author Chinua Achebe once wrote, “Until the lions have their historians, the history of the hunt will always glorify the hunter.” In the context of resource wars in Africa, Russia’s approach seems to give African nations a chance to write their narratives and control their resources.

The China Factor and BRICS Alliance

China’s role in this new dynamic cannot be overlooked. As Russia’s strategic partner and fellow member of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) group, China’s extensive investments in Africa complement and reinforce Russia’s influence. The two countries often present a united front in international forums, advocating for a multipolar world order that gives developing nations more say in global affairs.

This alignment between Russia and China creates a powerful counterweight to Western influence in Africa. As the ancient Roman statesman Cicero observed, “The sinews of war are infinite money.” In the modern context, access to resources and economic partnerships are the sinews of geopolitical influence, and both Russia and China are flexing these muscles in Africa.

Cognitive Dissonance and Shifting Narratives

The psychological impact of this shift is profound. For decades, Western institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have dominated the development narrative in Africa. Now, with Russia and China offering alternative partnership models, African nations are experiencing a form of cognitive dissonance. The long-held beliefs about the inevitability of Western-led development are being challenged, leading to a reevaluation of partnerships and alliances.

This cognitive shift is not limited to political leaders. Public opinion in many African countries is increasingly favourable towards Russia and China. A 2019 survey by Afrobarometer found that a majority of respondents in 16 out of 18 African countries surveyed viewed China’s influence positively. While comparable data for Russia is limited, anecdotal evidence suggests a similar trend.

The Collective Unconscious and New Narratives

The famous psychologist Carl Jung spoke of the collective unconscious, a shared reservoir of experiences and memories that influence human behaviour. In Africa, the collective memory of Western exploitation may give way to a new narrative of partnership and mutual respect embodied by Russia and China’s approach.

However, it’s crucial to approach this shift with a critical eye. The concept of confirmation bias may be at play, where people tend to seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs. African leaders and populations, eager for alternatives to Western dominance, may overlook the potential drawbacks of increased Russian and Chinese influence.

The Future of Resource Wars in Africa

As we look to the future, the resource wars in Africa will likely intensify. The continent’s vast reserves of minerals, oil, and arable land will become more valuable as global demand increases and climate change impacts resource availability. Russia’s role in this complex landscape is still evolving, but its trajectory suggests it will be a major player for years.

The renowned environmental scientist Wangari Maathai, the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, once said, “In the course of history, there comes a time when humanity is called to shift to a new level of consciousness, to reach a higher moral ground. A time when we have to shed our fear and give hope to each other.” Perhaps the shifting dynamics in Africa, with new players like Russia offering alternative partnerships, represent such a moment.

Conclusion: A New Chapter in African History

In conclusion, Russia’s emergence as a “new badass king” in the resource wars of Africa is a complex phenomenon with far-reaching implications. By treating African nations as partners rather than subordinates, Russia has tapped into deep-seated psychological needs for respect and autonomy. This approach, combined with China’s complementary strategy, is reshaping the continent’s geopolitical landscape.

However, caution is warranted, as with any significant shift in global power dynamics. African nations must navigate these new partnerships carefully, balancing the potential benefits with the need to protect their long-term interests and sovereignty. The resource wars in Africa are far from over, but the rules of engagement are undoubtedly changing. As Russia cements its position as a key player, the world watches with bated breath to see how this new chapter in African history will unfold.

One must change one’s tactics every ten years if one wishes to maintain one’s superiority.

Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821, French General, Emperor